Author Archives: camillefrancoise

23 recommendations on creators’ rights: What are the issues and impacts and how can libraries continue supporting them?

Lionel Maurel, librarian and lawyer in France, works at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) on open science. For many years, he has been defending the interests of libraries on his blog S.I.LEX by offering legal analysis to librarians concerning e-lending, copyright reforms and the public domain. This article presents his reflections from the Racine report on the impacts of the current copyright system on the rights of artists and creators and the link with libraries. (French version below)

Here are the Racine Report recommendations. The 23 recommendations translated in English.
Could you explain to us what the Racine report is and the context of its production?
This is a report submitted to the Ministry of Culture in January 2020. Entitled “The author and the act of creation“, it was prepared by Bruno Racine, adviser at the Court of Accounts, who directed the National Library of France from 2007 to 2016. It contains 23 recommendations aimed at improving the situation of authors and creators (henceforce ‘artists-authors’) by adapting the regulatory framework to the new realities of the creative professions.
The origin of this report is to be found in the strong mobilization of authors in France, which has lasted for several years, in reaction to a continuous deterioration of their living conditions. In 2017, a tax reform took place, which further weakened a large share of authors who were already fighting against insecurity. To cope, artist-authors have chosen to act by relying on unions, which is fairly new in France. Traditionally, the interests of authors are in fact rather represented by collecting societies.
The Racine report commission intervened to try to resolve an increasingly explosive situation, with calls from professional writers to boycott large bookfairs to draw attention to their situation. Drawn up after extensive consultation, the Racine report was eagerly awaited and it paints a grim picture of the situation of authors in France. In certain sectors such as comics and graphic novels, despite its economic growth, almost a third of authors live below the poverty line and the rate rises to 50% for women. France is often presented as “the country of copyright”, but this reputation hides a deep crisis situation for creators.
What analysis can be made of the recommendations in this report?
The greatest contribution of this report is to show that the authors’ livelihood does not depend solely on copyright, but on a much more complex institutional arrangement, where questions of taxation and social protection play a decisive role. It also shows that artist-authors do not have a real professional status, as if their activity did not constitute a profession in their own right. To remedy this shortcoming, the Racine report proposes to create such a statute, in particular to facilitate access by authors to the benefit of social rights (health insurance, training, retirement, etc.).
Furthermore, the Racine report defends the idea that artist-authors should not depend solely on the exploitation of their works by the cultural industries, but also be paid directly for their work. He proposes for this the establishment of an “order contract” which would oblige intermediaries, such as publishers or producers, to pay for the creative work in addition to the payment of copyright royalties.
This would be a profound change in France, as since the time of Beaumarchais and the French Revolution, the law considers the author as an owner deriving his income from the exploitation of his work. This system certainly allows the author theoretically to benefit from remuneration, but we have arrived today at the paradox that the work is better protected than the author, and it is the former that constitutes the true centre of gravity of intellectual property.
Samantha Bailly, an author particularly involved in the unions of artist-authors who mobilized around the Racine report, thus sums up that the change of perspective that this text proposes to operate: “the improvement of our social rights is linked to the recognition of artist-authors both as owners of works, but also as workers. We are many individuals, not just works – we have bodies, we eat, we hurt, we get sick, etc. It is this paradigm shift proposed by Bruno Racine’s report. “
Another essential point concerns the mechanisms of author representation. The report highlights many dysfunctions in the way the interests of artist-authors are defended. Generally, collecting societies are heard a lot in public debates around creation, especially when copyright is concerned. But the report shows that these companies and the authors do not have quite the same interests and it requests that part of the sums collected by the former be used to finance the unions of authors. He also calls for these unions to be more widely involved in the definition of cultural policies, in particular through the various commissions set up by the Ministry of Culture. These proposals were very badly received by the collecting societies which vigorously opposed them, which tends to show that the Racine report is rather right to underline a divergence of interests!
Copyright discussions would likely be different if creators could make their voices heard more directly. In 2018, a case took place in France which proved to be very instructive. A publishing rights firm tried to charge for public library readings, including story times for children. This sparked strong opposition from librarians, but also from some of the authors themselves who, through unions, have indicated that they want these library uses to remain free. Thanks to this direct intervention of the authors in the debate, the publishers’ project was abandoned.
 
What are the main challenges of this report for libraries?
At first glance, this report seems quite distant from the activity of libraries, but they should pay close attention to it, because its recommendations could profoundly change the landscape of creation.
For more than 20 years, libraries have been mobilized to change copyright regulations, in particular by recognizing new exceptions adapted to the internet and digital uses. Whether global or international, these debates are very difficult and progress remains slow, as libraries face opposition, led mostly by collecting societies or government officials, who argue that these exceptions would threaten authors in their ability to live from creation.
However, the Racine report very clearly demonstrates that the real problems of the authors lie elsewhere: they mainly reside in the imbalance of the balance of power with intermediaries such as publishers or producers, which leads to an inequitable distribution of value within cultural sectors. The precariousness of the authors also stems from the fact that their work is not well recognized, and therefore not well remunerated, because it is “invisible” in a way by the intellectual property on which the laws focus.
At no time did the Racine report point to the issue of pirating works on the internet as the cause of the impoverishment of authors, nor did it indicate that exceptions to copyright would weaken their situation. On the other hand, he criticizes the functioning of collecting societies, for example pointing to the excessive salaries of their managers or the fact that they redistribute the money collected to too few authors.
These findings are of direct interest to libraries, as they open the way for further discussions on systemic reform. It is significant that none of the points discussed in the Racine report were really discussed during the drafting of the new copyright directive adopted in 2019 by the European Parliament. The debates once again focused on strengthening intellectual property and criticizing new exceptions to copyright. But it is not this text that will rebalance the relations between the authors and the intermediaries, as requested by the Racine report …
There is one point in the report which illustrates very well the false questions into which copyright disputes often fall. In France, the idea of ​​establishing a “paid-for public domain” regularly returns to public debate, the goal being to create a sort of tax on the commercial uses of works belonging to the public domain. The public domain is a mechanism that primarily benefits libraries and their users, in particular through the digitization of heritage collections. However, the Racine report unequivocally dismisses this idea of ​​the paying public domain, by showing that it would yield very little to the authors while restricting the uses and dissemination of culture. On the other hand, the report points to the fact that too small a share of aid for creation paid by the Ministry of Culture or collecting societies directly benefits artist-authors. This is just one example among many showing how false debates often hide the real questions …
What are the first steps for libraries to support these principles nationally and internationally?
It is quite striking that libraries are absent from the Racine report, even though they also constitute a source of income for authors. Through the acquisition of media, subscriptions to digital resources, but also with the sums paid under the lending right, the libraries contribute to the remuneration of creators. In France, there is even a direct link between lending in the library and the social rights of authors, because part of the sums paid by libraries under the lending right is used to finance the retirement of writers.
It is a pity – but also very significant – that the Racine report did not take this link into account, because it reveals a certain form of invisibility of libraries in the creation economy. Too often, libraries are accused of weakening the culture market by “cannibalizing sales”, when no serious economic study has ever demonstrated such a phenomenon. On the contrary, libraries could contribute more widely to the funding of creation if they were better integrated into the remuneration systems. For example, eBooks are a growing part of the work of libraries, but on legally fragile bases, since the legislation on the lending of the paper book does not apply and the system had to be reorganized around contractual negotiations with the publishers. As a result, the supply for libraries remains incomplete, but above all, the legal system of lending rights is put aside, which does not help to finance the social rights of authors …
One could imagine an overhaul of the system, so that libraries can more easily make content available to their users, as proposed, for example, by the library treaty defended by IFLA with WIPO. In return, new remuneration would logically be paid to the beneficiaries. But if we follow the Racine report, we should be very careful that these sums go to the authors and that a part is used to finance their social rights.
This report actually opens the way for further discussions between authors and libraries. To do this, it would be necessary to raise awareness of the role that libraries already play in supporting creation and to reflect on new ways in which library activities could directly help creators to exercise and make the most of their rights. Too often, the rights of authors and users have been pitted against each other as if they are incompatible. Now is the time to find synergies that will strengthen each other.
French version
Lionel Maurel, bibliothécaire et juriste en France, travaille au Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) sur la science ouverte. Depuis de nombreuses années, il défend les intérêts des bibliothèques sur son blog S.I.LEX en proposant aux bibliothécaires des analyses juridiques concernant le prêt numérique, les réformes du droit d’auteur et le domaine public. Cet article présente ses réflexions issues du rapport Racine sur les impacts du système actuel de droits d’auteur sur les droits des artistes et des créateurs et le lien avec les bibliothèques.
 
Pourriez-vous nous exliquer ce qu’est le rapport Racine et le contexte de sa production? 
Il s’agit d’un rapport remis au Ministère de la Culture en janvier 2020. Intitulé « L’auteur et l’acte de création », il a été préparé par Bruno Racine, conseiller à la Cour des Comptes, qui a dirigé la Bibliothèque nationale de France de 2007 à 2016. Il comporte 23 recommandations visant à améliorer la situation des artistes-auteurs en adaptant le cadre réglementaire aux nouvelles réalités des métiers de la création.
L’origine de ce rapport est à chercher du côté d’une forte mobilisation des auteurs en France, qui dure depuis plusieurs années, en réaction à une dégradation continue de leurs conditions d’existence. En 2017, une réforme fiscale est intervenue, qui a encore fragilisé une large partie des auteurs luttant déjà contre la précarité. Pour faire face, les artistes-auteurs ont choisi d’agir en s’appuyant sur des syndicats, ce qui est assez nouveau en France. Traditionnellement, les intérêts des auteurs sont en effet plutôt représentés par des sociétés de gestion collective des droits. 
La commande du rapport Racine est intervenue pour essayer de dénouer une situation qui devenait de plus en plus explosive, avec des appels des auteurs professionnels à boycotter de grands salons pour attirer l’attention sur leur situation. Elaboré au terme d’une large consultation, le rapport Racine était très attendu et il dresse un tableau sombre de la situation des auteurs en France. Dans certains secteurs comme la bande dessinée, pourtant économiquement en progression, près d’un tiers des auteurs vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté et le taux grimpe à 50% pour les femmes. La France est souvent présentée comme « le pays du droit d’auteur », mais cette réputation dissimule une situation de crise profonde pour les créateurs. 
Quelle analyse peut-on faire des recommendations de ce rapport? 
Le plus grand apport de ce rapport est de montrer que la subsistance des auteurs ne dépend pas uniquement du seul droit d’auteur, mais d’un dispositif institutionnel beaucoup plus complexe, où les questions de fiscalité et de protection sociale jouent un rôle déterminant. Il montre aussi que les artistes-auteurs ne disposent pas d’un véritable statut professionnel, comme si leur activité ne constituait pas un métier à part entière. Pour remédier à cette lacune, Le rapport Racine propose de créer un tel statut, notamment pour faciliter l’accès des auteurs au bénéfice de droits sociaux (assurance-maladie, formation, retraite, etc.). 
Plus encore, le rapport Racine défend l’idée que les artistes-auteurs ne devraient pas dépendre pour vivre uniquement de l’exploitation de leurs œuvres par les industries culturelles, mais aussi être rémunérés directement pour leur travail. Il propose pour cela la mise en place d’un « contrat de commande » qui obligerait les intermédiaires, comme les éditeurs ou les producteurs, à payer le travail de création en plus du versement de droits d’auteur. 
Cela constituerait un changement profond en France, car depuis l’époque de Beaumarchais et la Révolution française, la loi considère l’auteur comme un propriétaire tirant ses revenus de l’exploitation de son œuvre. Ce système permet certes théoriquement à l’auteur de bénéficier d’une rémunération, mais on est arrivé aujourd’hui au paradoxe que l’œuvre est mieux protégée que l’auteur et c’est elle qui constitue le véritable centre de gravité de la propriété intellectuelle…
Samantha Bailly, une autrice particulièrement impliquée dans les syndicats d’artistes-auteurs qui se sont mobilisés autour du rapport Racine, résume ainsi que le changement de perspective que ce texte propose d’opérer : « l’amélioration de nos droits sociaux est liée à la reconnaissance des artistes-auteurs à la fois comme des propriétaires d’œuvres, mais aussi comme des travailleurs. Nous sommes bien des individus, et pas seulement des œuvres — nous avons des corps, nous mangeons, nous nous blessons, tombons malades, etc. C’est ce changement de paradigme que propose le rapport de Bruno Racine. » 
Un autre point essentiel concerne les mécanismes de représentation des auteurs. Le rapport souligne de nombreux dysfonctionnements dans la manière dont les intérêts des artistes-auteurs sont défendus. Généralement, ce sont des sociétés de gestion collective que l’on entend beaucoup dans les débats publics autour de la création, notamment lorsque le droit d’auteur est concerné. Mais le rapport démontre que ces sociétés et les auteurs n’ont pas tout à fait les mêmes intérêts et il demande qu’une partie des sommes collectées par les premières servent à financer les syndicats d’auteurs. Il plaide également pour que ces syndicats soient plus largement associés à la définition des politiques culturelles, notamment à travers les différentes commissions mises en place par le Ministère de la Culture. Ces propositions ont été très mal reçues par les sociétés de gestion collective qui s’y sont vigoureusement opposées, ce qui tend à montrer que le rapport Racine a plutôt raison de souligner une divergence d’intérêts ! 
Les discussions sur le droit d’auteur seraient sans doute différentes si les créateurs pouvaient faire entendre leur voix plus directement. En 2018, une affaire a eu lieu en France s’est révélée très instructive. Une société de droits dans le domaine de l’édition a essayé de faire payer les lectures publiques en bibliothèque, y compris les Heures du Conte à destination des enfants. Cela a déclenché une forte opposition des bibliothécaires, mais aussi d’une partie des auteurs eux-mêmes qui, par le biais de syndicats, ont fait savoir qu’ils souhaitaient que ces usages en bibliothèque restent gratuits. Grâce à cette intervention directe des auteurs dans le débat, le projet des éditeurs a été abandonné. 
Quelles sont les principaux enjeux de ce rapport pour les bibliotheques? 
A première vue, ce rapport paraît assez éloigné de l’activité des bibliothèques, mais celles-ci devraient s’y intéresser de près, car ses recommandations pourraient modifier en profondeur le paysage de la création. 
Depuis plus de 20 ans, les bibliothèques sont mobilisées pour faire évoluer la règlementation sur le droit d’auteur, notamment par la reconnaissance de nouvelles exceptions adaptées à Internet et aux usages numériques. Que ce soit au niveau mondial ou international, ces débats sont très difficiles et les progrès restent lents, car les bibliothèques se heurtent à une opposition, menée surtout par des sociétés de gestion collective ou des représentants de gouvernement, qui soutiennent que ces exceptions menaceraient les auteurs dans leur capacité à vivre de la création.
Or le rapport Racine démontre de manière très claire que les vrais problèmes des auteurs sont ailleurs : ils résident surtout dans le déséquilibre du rapport de force avec des intermédiaires comme les éditeurs ou les producteurs, qui conduit à une répartition inéquitable de la valeur au sein même des filières culturelles. La précarité des auteurs découle aussi du fait que leur travail n’est pas bien reconnu, et donc pas bien rémunéré, car il est « invisibilisé » d’une certaine manière par la propriété intellectuelle sur laquelle les lois se focalisent. 
A aucun moment le rapport Racine ne pointe la question du piratage des œuvres sur Internet comme la cause de la paupérisation des auteurs, pas plus qu’il n’indique que les exceptions au droit d’auteur fragiliserait leur situation. En revanche, il adresse des critiques au fonctionnement des sociétés de gestion collective, en pointant par exemple les salaires trop élevés de leurs dirigeants ou le fait qu’elles redistribuent l’argent collecté à un trop petit nombre d’auteurs. 
Ces conclusions intéressent en réalité directement les bibliothèques, car elles ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles discussions sur la réforme du système. Il est significatif qu’aucun des points discutés dans le rapport Racine n’ait réellement été débattu lors de l’élaboration de la nouvelle directive sur le droit d’auteur adoptée en 2019 par le Parlement européen. Les débats se sont encore une fois focalisés sur le renforcement de la propriété intellectuelle et sur la critique des nouvelles exceptions au droit d’auteur. Mais ce n’est pas ce texte qui permettra de rééquilibrer les relations entre les auteurs et les intermédiaires, comme le demande le rapport Racine…
Un point figure dans le rapport qui illustre très bien les fausses questions dans lesquelles les débats sur le droit d’auteur tombent souvent. En France, revient régulièrement dans le débat public l’idée d’instaurer un « domaine public payant » pour instituer une sorte de taxe sur les utilisations commerciales des œuvres appartenant au domaine public. Le domaine public est un mécanisme qui bénéficie au premier chef aux bibliothèques et à leurs usagers, notamment à travers la numérisation des collections patrimoniales. Or le rapport Racine écarte sans ambiguïté cette idée du domaine public payant, en montrant qu’il rapporterait très peu aux auteurs tout en restreignant les usages et la diffusion de la culture. En revanche, le rapport pointe le fait qu’une part trop faible des aides à la création versées par le Ministère de la Culture ou les sociétés de gestion collective bénéficient directement aux artistes-auteurs. Ce n’est qu’un exemple parmi d’autres montrant comment de faux débats cachent souvent les vraies questions… 
Quelles sont les premieres etapes pour les bibliotheques pour soutenir ces principes au niveau national et international? 
 
Il est assez frappant de constater que les bibliothèques sont absentes du rapport Racine, alors pourtant qu’elles constituent aussi une source de revenus pour les auteurs. A travers les acquisitions de supports, les abonnements à des ressources numériques, mais aussi avec les sommes versées au titre du droit de prêt, les bibliothèques contribuent à la rémunération des créateurs. En France, il existe même un lien direct entre le prêt en bibliothèque et les droits sociaux des auteurs, car une partie des sommes versées par les bibliothèques au titre du droit de prêt sert à financer la retraite des auteurs de l’écrit. 
Il est dommage – mais aussi très significatif – que le rapport Racine n’ait pas pris en compte ce lien, car cela révèle une certaine forme d’invisibilité des bibliothèques dans l’économie de la création. Trop souvent, les bibliothèques sont accusées de fragiliser le marché de la Culture en « cannibalisant les ventes », alors qu’aucune étude économique sérieuse n’a jamais démontré un tel phénomène. Bien au contraire, les bibliothèques pourraient contribuer plus largement au financement de la création si elles étaient mieux intégrées dans les systèmes de rémunération. Par exemple, le livre numérique se développe aujourd’hui de plus en plus en bibliothèque, mais sur des bases juridiquement fragiles, puisque la législation sur le prêt du livre papier ne s’applique pas et il a fallu réorganiser le système autour de négociations contractuelles avec les éditeurs. Du coup, l’offre à destination des bibliothèques reste lacunaire, mais surtout, système légal du droit de prêt est mis de côté, ce qui ne permet pas de contribuer à financer les droits sociaux des auteurs…
On pourrait imaginer une refonte du système, de manière à ce que les bibliothèques puissent mettre à disposition plus facilement des contenus pour leurs utilisateurs, comme le propose par exemple le traité sur les bibliothèques défendu par l’IFLA auprès de l’OMPI. En contrepartie, de nouvelles rémunérations seraient logiquement versées aux ayants droit. Mais si l’on suit le rapport Racine, il faudrait être très attentif à ce que ces sommes aillent bien aux auteurs et qu’une partie soit utilisée pour financer leurs droits sociaux. 
Ce rapport ouvre en réalité la voie à de nouvelles discussions entre les auteurs et les bibliothèques. Pour cela, il faudrait mieux faire connaître le rôle que les bibliothèques jouent déjà pour soutenir la création et réfléchir à de nouvelles manières dont les activités des bibliothèques pourraient directement soutenir les créateurs dans l’exercice de leurs droits. On a trop souvent opposé les droits des auteurs et ceux des utilisateurs, comme s’ils étaient incompatibles. Le temps est venu à présent de trouver des articulations qui permettront de les renforcer mutuellement. 

Wikipedia and Academic Libraries: Gathering best practices of professionals

IFLA welcomes Laurie Bridges (Oregon State University), Raymond Pun (Alder Graduate School of Education) and Roberto Arteaga (Pacific Lutheran University), three library professionals to talk about their book project to link Wikipedia and academic libraries.

 

Could you please introduce yourself?

My name is Laurie Bridges (she/her/hers), I am an Instruction and Outreach Librarian at Oregon State University and Associate Professor. I am currently teaching a 2-credit Honors class about Wikipedia and social justice, this is my second time teaching the class. I developed the curriculum and taught it for the first time in the Spring of 2019. I have co-hosted two Wikipedia editathons at my university. I work with a couple of faculty on my campus to help facilitate successful Wikipedia editing assignments (a history course and a writing course). I co-authored two articles in the Journal of Academic Librarianship:

I’m Raymond Pun (he/him/his), a librarian in the Alder Graduate School of Education in California, USA. I’ve organized and participated in Wikipedia-edit-ahons before. I’ve collaborated with teaching faculty in the sciences, women’s studies, and ethnic studies to create opportunities for students to learn about online sources, and the need to engage with online reference materials more critically.

I’m Roberto Arteaga (he/him). I’m an assistant professor and instruction and reference librarian at Pacific Lutheran University. I joined this project after having conversations with Laurie about Wikipedia in relation to library instruction and for-credit courses. I’m just beginning my Wikipedia journey, and I’m particularly interested in developing more pedagogical approaches to teaching with Wikipedia, both in library contexts and beyond.

Librarians collaborated with Wikipedians old and new to improve articles related to Multnomah County, Oregon.
Pdx.leecat – CC BY-SA 3.0

You are developing an open access book project on Wikimedia projects and academic libraries, how did this project get started? 

Laurie: As I was doing research for my courses and articles I used Merrilee Proffitt’s book, “Leveraging Wikipedia,” which is a great introduction for all libraries and librarians. However, it was missing what I really wanted, an in-depth look into academic libraries and librarians and how they’re using Wikipedia. I started chatting with Ray Pun about this, and from here the idea grew.

Ray: Yes, I agree with Laurie! For the events that I’ve organized with faculty, it was important to have students from underrepresented groups contribute to Wikipedia using library resources. Less than 15% of contributors to Wikipedia were women, based on a survey in 2015. In addition, there is under-representation of content on Wikipedia about women and other minority groups and their perspectives and experiences so that’s where I collaborated with academics to address these issues. Wikipedia is one of the most visited websites and it is very important to add and improve its content.

Laurie: And, around the time I was chatting with Ray about this, Roberto reached out to me, he was considering doing a Wikipedia project in one of his classes and wanted to chat. After our video conversation, in which Roberto asked thoughtful and thought-provoking questions, I started thinking he might be the perfect third to a possible editing team. I talked with Ray and we decided to invite Roberto to join us. I really enjoy working in groups of three.

Wikipedia training session in the framework of 1Lib1Ref with 9 librarians and information science professionals in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Jacquitoz – CC BY-SA 4.0

 

Could you tell us more about the subjects that will be addressed in this book and why?

Ray: Roberto and Laurie created a website covering the subjects in the book that would be of interest to many people. We hope the book covers case studies coming from theoretical and pedagogical approaches. We are looking for academic library workers to share how they utilize Wikipedia content to promote information literacy, collaboration or research.

Laurie: I have several librarian contacts in Spain, and I was aware that some interesting things were being done with Wikipedia in the Catalonia region. Then, serendipitously I received a grant to attend the Wikimedia + Education conference in San Sebastian, the Basque region in Spain. It was during the conference that I learned librarians in the Basque region are also doing some unique activities. And, during the conference, I really began to think about how librarians around the world are probably doing fascinating things with Wikipedia that are not shared widely, beyond the local region or country. I thought an open access online book might be the best way to collaborate and share information across borders and around the world.

 

Wikipedia workshop at the Faculty of Medicine on the Leios-Biscay campus in the Basque Country. Theklan – CC BY-SA 4.0

 

Black history month in Nigeria in partnership with AfroCROWD Kaizenify – CC BY-SA 4.0

 

According to you, what common goals are there between Wikimedia Foundation’s projects and academic libraries?

Roberto: I would say that just like the Wikimedia Foundation, libraries, in general, are committed to facilitating access to information to their communities. While libraries are often bound by contracts with publishers that prevent from fully opening up resources to everyone, librarians are now, more than ever, beginning to advocate for more content to become more widely available and reduce the content kept behind paywalls.

Ray: Agreed! It is especially important, particularly now during the pandemic. As it has been reported, COVID-19’s Wikipedia page has been one of the most visited sites. Creating more works under open access (OA) will certainly help.

 

Can you tell us more about the open access model and why you choose it? 

Ray: Early in our planning stages, we went with an open access model because we felt that OA would give us and our contributors the flexibility to share their work with colleagues. We envisioned some of our chapters to be multilingual and wanted to enable access to such content. Wikipedia itself is open and for us, it was important to follow that approach.

Laurie: Wikipedia is radically open. Not only do you see the article, but you see the “talk” tab where the conversation is happening, you see the history tab, and you can see contributors’ history over time. One of the reasons Wikipedia is so popular is because it’s available for free, to everyone, anywhere (Of course, there’s censorship, but that’s another story.) Therefore, we felt it was important to have a book that is open and free to librarians.

 

Finally, what would be your recommendations for libraries wishing to develop Wiki projects?

Laurie: I can answer this question because I just co-authored an article about Wikipedia in libraries for educational use (you can see the post print here). I recommend reaching out and connecting with others, because there is a wealth of knowledge and people are eager to share their successes and failures. Many librarians start with the #1lib1ref campaign, which is low-stakes and easy to get involved with – you just need to add one citation to Wikipedia.

Another popular activity is editathons, happening everywhere in the world. I think the most popular topic for librarian editathons is Art + Feminism. It’s important to note that in-person editathons have been cancelled for the foreseeable future, but there are many remote editathons taking place. In the US and Canada, faculty members can run classes through the WikiEdu dashboard, and librarians can connect with professors who are using the dashboard and offer their expertise. For librarians outside of the US, you can connect with the Wikimedia Education team to find resources in your area.

How can anyone interested find out more?

You can find more information here: https://sites.google.com/view/globalwikipedia/

 

European Copyright Directive EU-DSM – COVID19 and implementation

EU-DSM directive: March 2020 update

In June 2019, the new European Copyright Directive entered into force. Countries have until June 2021 to implement it in their national laws.

 

Process

Each country has its own process and timetable to prepare for the implementation of this reform.

Some countries like Germany and the Netherlands already started the implementation process in September 2019, followed by Spain in December 2019.

Many countries are also engaged in meetings with stakeholders (libraries, publishers, collective management organisations, organisations representing users’ rights) such as Belgium, Sweden, Finland, while others have issued questionnaires on the different articles such as Romania. Still others have yet to begin the process formally.

Meanwhile countries of the European Economic Area such as Norway and Iceland have not yet started but are closely monitoring the exchanges.

 

Implementation and COVID-19

The current situation of European countries with regard to COVID-19 has already started to impact the implementation schedule.

The stakeholder dialogue concerning Article 17, at which IFLA is represented, and whose objective is to define guidelines for the implementation of Article 17 in national laws in respect of copyright and users’ rights, was to have its 7th meeting on 30 March but has been postponed to a previously unknown date.

The date for the submission of contributions on Slovenia’s implementation, also originally scheduled for 30 March, has been also postponed to 30 April.

Sweden has cancelled meetings to discuss the directive with stakeholders and concentrates on written communications.

 

The involvement of library associations and institutions

In each country, the library sector is attentive to the evolution of the transposition process which, if properly done, will have positive consequences for users. To achieve this, library associations and libraries in the concerned countries are making the needs of their colleagues and users heard by their governments and other stakeholders.

The provisions in the articles concern subjects directly affecting the library field, such as

_ Text and Data Mining (Articles 3 and 4)

_ Use of Works in Teaching Activities (article 5)

_ Preservation of Cultural Heritage (article 6)

_ Contract Override and Technological Protection Measures (article 7)

_ Out-of Commerce Works (Articles 8-11)

_ Works in the Visual Art in the Public Domain (Article 14)

_ Press Publishers Right (Article 15)

_ Use of protected content by online content-sharing service providers (Article 17)

 

Please see these additional articles to learn more about the subject:

European Copyright Directive Implementation Advances: How Can you Get Involved?

3 reasons why libraries should care about the EU-Digital Single Market Directive

 

Please contact Camille Francoise, camille.francoise@ifla.org for additional information.

Open Education Week 2020

This week, IFLA celebrates Open Education Week 2020 alongside many other educational and cultural stakeholders.

What is Open Education?

Open Education is a global movement that aims to facilitate the dissemination of knowledge to citizens around the world through open educational resources, tools and best practices.

But what does ‘open’ mean? It refers to resources which are in the public domain or which were created with an open license to allow them to be shared and reused for free by others around the world.

Why is this important?

Every individual in the world has a right to access to education and knowledge. These in turn are key to global development.

Providing access to education through resources and tools means giving everyone the opportunity to learn and develop.

It is also an opportunity to conceive of education as a lever to fight against poverty in the world (SDG1), to allow access to better jobs (SDG8), and to reduce inequalities between men and women (SDG5), and between countries (SDG10).

Latest update

UNESCO adopted a recommendation in November 2019 on Open Educational Resources (OER), promoting the development of five strategic objectives:

  • Building the capacity of stakeholders to create access, use, adapt and redistribute OER;
  • Developing supportive policy;
  • Encouraging inclusive and equitable quality OER;
  • Nurturing the creation of sustainability models for OER;
  • Facilitating international cooperation.

IFLA has been involved in this process for many years, and welcomes this work, which in particular stresses the importance of the role of librarians in the creation of educational content and the place of access to these resources.

How can libraries support this global objective?

Clarify the status of your resource:

If your library creates educational content, it is crucial to be transparent about how your audience can use it (e.g. sharing, reusing, modifying). It is therefore important to carefully choose the licence you wish to use (see creative commons licences) or specify it with public domain mark.

The slightest doubt about the possibility of use can discourage public sharing.

Enhance your resources via your institutional channels

Does your library have (open) educational resources to share? Feel free to highlight them on your website or through your social networks to reach out teachers or educational networks.

Share these resources via an external site

There are also sites that promote free educational resources in several languages, such as the Open Education Week site.

What does liability mean? What is an exception? Welcome to the Copyright Glossary

One of the important issues in the library world is copyright and the legal issues that arise from it. A good understanding of these issues is essential to be in a favourable negotiating position and will help shed light on emerging difficulties in current practices.

Below you will find some common copyright terms:

Berne Convention

This is the basis for international copyright law. Agreed in 1886, it has subsequently been updated a number of times. It establishes a number of rights which should apply in all countries (such as protection for the life of the author plus fifty years), and the principle of national treatment (i.e. you should treat authors from other signatory countries in the same way as your own nationals).

Collective Licensing

Collective Licensing refers to schemes where a single organisation will offer permissions to use works from a variety of rightholders. This can be helpful for users who need only go to one place, rather than find creators and other rightholders individually. For example, collective licensing can provide easy solutions for shops wanting to play music, or for broadcasters wanting to clear the rights to use extracts from other films. The organisation in charge of the scheme should then pay out royalties to the individual rightholders.

Collective Management Organisation

Collective Management Organisations (CMOs) represent groups of rights holders which can include creators of copyrighted materials, publishers, or other rightholders such as producers or performers. This organization manages rights on behalf of its members, potentially saving them time and effort in providing permissions and collecting royalties.

Collecting Society

See Collective Management Organisation.

Contract Override

Contract override refers to situations where the terms of a licence – either explicitly or by omission (i.e. because it doesn’t mention something) – cancel out copyright exceptions. This happens because contract law is seen as having priority over other forms of law, and so it is considered that the user has signed away their rights. It can, for example, mean that preservation copying, document supply, or other uses are not allowed. Some countries make it clear that contracts should not override copyright exceptions.

Copyright

Copyright refers to a set of rights given to the creator or creators of a work. It is made up of economic rights (such as to reproduce works) and moral rights (such as the right to be named as an author). Works covered may be in different forms, and there are different approaches to how we define whether a work really is covered by copyright, for example relating to the level of creativity or originality involved. Unlike patents, copyright is intended to protect the expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself.

Digital rights management (DRM)

These are access-control technologies to restrict the use of copyrighted works. They act, for example, to prevent copying, sharing, or modifications. They can work both to prevent illicit uses, and uses permitted under exceptions to copyright.

Education Exception

Education exceptions allow beneficiaries to make copies of materials subject to copyright, without seeking authorisation, for education purposes. This can also cover uses of works, such as displaying works in the classroom or as part of an online course, or using them for homework projects.

E-Lending

E-lending is the practice of library lending of digital books. As with physical books, this is only possible for a certain period, after which the eBook disappears from the borrower’s eReader. Digital rights management tools work to prevent the book being shared with others or copied. Often, publishers only make eBooks available to libraries under strict terms (embargoes, limits on the number of loans or period of access). Far from all eBooks are available to libraries.

Extended Collective Licencing

Extended collective licensing (ECL) refers to collective licensing schemes which do not just apply to works by members of a collective management organisation, but to all works or rightholders in a particular category or class. This can make it even easier for users to obtain licences, for example for mass-digitisation and making available of works. Typically, extended Collective licensing schemes require government legislation.

Illustration for Teaching

Illustration for teaching refers to uses of works in the context of education, for example as part of a classroom or online course, or potentially in course-packs or similar materials. Under some interpretations, exceptions for illustration for teaching are the same as those for education in general.

Lending Exception

The possibility to control whether works are lent does not fall under international law. However, some countries have decided to give rightholders a lending right. In turn, many have then created a lending exception for libraries in order to allow them to lend books to users, often subject to payment (see Public Lending Right).

Limitation on Liability

In many cases, it may not be clear if it is legal to make a copy or other uses of works. In these situations, and especially if the costs of copyright infringement are high, libraries and other users may tend to want to limit risk, and so be over-cautious. Similarly, they may prevent users from using works out of fear of the consequences. A limitation on liability means that as long as they have taken precautions, libraries and others do not need to face high costs if they make mistakes, or if their users infringe copyright.

Liability (Primary, Secondary)

We talk about primary liability in situations when someone is accused of directly infringing copyright themselves, for example by making an illegal copy of a book and selling it on. Secondary liability refers to situations when someone can be held partially responsible for an infringement, for example when they have facilitated this. For example, if a library has not told users about what copying is or is not acceptable, it may face secondary liability. Similarly, internet platforms that do not act to remove infringing content once they become aware of it can also be considered secondarily liable.

Marrakesh Treaty

This is the 2013 WIPO agreement that commits all states parties (members) to introduce measures to allow people with print disabilities, those who support them, and institutions such as libraries to make copies of works in accessible formats (braille, DAISY, audiobooks) for people who would otherwise not be able to access them. It is then also possible to share these copies, including across borders. The Treaty includes some possibilities to restrict these rights. IFLA does not recommend using such possibilities.

Open Education Repositories

This refers to platforms which give access to teaching, learning or research materials (Open Educational Resources – OER) which are either in the public domain or under an open licence allowing their use, adaptation, distribution free of charge. This term was adopted in 2002 by UNESCO.

Orphan Works

An orphan work is a work protected by copyright but for which the rights holders are not identifiable or cannot be contacted. Unless there are exceptions in place, this makes it very difficult for those who hold them to do anything with them.

Out-of-Commerce Works

Out-of-commerce works are works that are still protected by copyright but are no longer commercially available. This can be because the authors and publishers have decided neither to publish new editions nor to sell copies through the customary channels of commerce. Sometimes, such works are referred to as being ‘out-of-print’. In some understandings, out-of-commerce works also include works that were never-in-commerce (i.e. not produced to be published).

Preservation Exceptions

Preservation exceptions allow beneficiaries to make copies of materials subject to copyright, without seeking authorisation, for the purpose of preservation. For example, it can include digitisation, taking copies on microfilm, photocopying or other forms, depending on the specific terms of the law.

Press Publishers’ Right:

The right of press publishers is the subject of Article 15 of the European Copyright Directive. This was introduced following efforts from publishers to obtain a share of incomes from online news-aggregators such as GoogleNews by forcing them to pay to display even sort snippets of text. The Article risks leaving aggregators with two options: using the contents of press publishers for remuneration or no longer indexing them (reducing the visibility of publishers). Google has said it will not pay compensation in Germany and France and has left it up to publishers to choose whether they want free indexing or not.

Public Domain

The public domain includes all works which are not subject to economic rights under copyright. The public domain is not always explicitly defined in law. Some countries try to oblige payments for use of public domain works.

Public Lending Right

Public Lending Right refers both to the right some countries give rightholders to decide whether works are lent or not, and to the payment they can be entitled to receive when this is the case.

Remunerated Exceptions

There is an ongoing debate about whether exceptions to copyright should be subject to remuneration or not. Given that exceptions, according to international law, should not cause unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate interests of rightholders, some argue that it therefore makes no sense to make enjoying exceptions conditional on making payments. Others suggest that there should nonetheless be payment.

Reproduction Right

The right of reproduction is a legal provision giving copyright holders the exclusive right to produce copies of works. In order to make a copy, anyone else needs to seek authorisation from the copyright holder, unless an exception exists.

Retracted Works

Retraction takes place when an author or publisher removes a previously published work from an academic publication, usually on the basis that it is considered not to have followed good scientific practice. Retracted works are generally removed from online collections.

Research Exception

Research exceptions allow beneficiaries to make copies of materials subject to copyright, without seeking authorisation, for the purpose of research. They can also cover other uses of works, such as analysis. For example, research exceptions allow students to copy parts of books or articles to read them, and can also support text and data mining.

Reversion Right:

This refers to the right of authors who have signed away their rights to publishers to recover these after a defined time, or if their work is no longer on sale. Versions of this possibility are included in laws around the world, but are not standardised.

Safe Harbour

Safe harbour refers in general to situations where, by complying with certain criteria, actors can avoid liability for copyright infringement. This is often used to describe limitations on the liability of internet platforms, which do not face liability if they act to remove infringing content when notified (it is assumed that prior to notification, they do not know whether the content they host is legal or not). Safe harbour can also benefit other actors, such as scientific repositories, allowing them to enable content sharing without the cost of having to review everything uploaded by users.

There are currently various efforts to restrict possibilities to benefit from safe harbour provisions. For example, Article 17 of the EU’s Copyright Directive looks to suggest that platforms such as YouTube can be held immediately responsible for infringing content appearing, even if it has been uploaded by a user.

Scientific Repositories

This refers to a platform hosting research papers (not just in the sciences), facilitating open access to these. They often hold ‘pre-print’ versions, rather than the final ‘version of record’, with publishers retaining the right to distribute the final version. In many cases, researchers themselves are responsible for uploading papers, bringing the risk that the wrong version may be uploaded.

Technological Protection Measures

Technological protection measures (TPM) are any digital management tools used to restrict what users can do with digital materials. See also Digital Rights Management.

Term

Term refers to the length of time for which works enjoy protection. This is usually measured in a certain number of years from the death of the author – a minimum of fifty under international law, but seventy in the European Union and United States. There are different term lengths for different types of work and right.

Text and Data Mining

Text and data mining (TDM) refers to the use of automated analysis of data sets in order to identify trends or correlations. It promises both to accelerate scientific research, as well as providing a basis for machine learning. Given that TDM can involve taking a copy of works to be analysed, some see it as requiring a copyright exception or authorisation. Others suggest that given that data itself should not be subject to copyright, there is no need for an exception. Among countries where legislation has happened, some have limited exceptions to certain purposes, while others offer broader possibilities

Unpublished Works

When a work hasn’t been formally published or otherwise divulged to the public, it is described as unpublished. Archives, for example, are often unpublished works. They can be subject to different rules to published works, and in some countries still enjoy eternal copyright protection.

Upload Filters

Upload filters, also called web filters, refer to tools that check content uploaded to an internet platform in order to identify (potential) copyright infringement. They are controversial in that they effectively treat users’ as guilty until proven innocent of copyright infringement. There is no evidence, furthermore, that such filters can systematically recognise when the re-use of a copyrighted work is legitimate because of an exception or limitation. There is a lot of discussion about upload filters due to Article 17 of the EU’s Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, which risks obliging all platforms to use such filters.

Works

This is the term used to apply to materials which may be subject to copyright. It covers books, articles, other publications, visual art, audio and audio-visual creations and more. There are sometimes efforts to have vaguer things such as tastes, ‘themes’ or even smells classed as ‘works’, and so to gain them copyright protection.

 

The HathiTrust Digital Library: A Fair Use Story

Sara R. Benson, Copyright Librarian, University of Illinois.

If you are unfamiliar with the work of the HathiTrust Digital Library, fair use week is a great time to familiarize yourself with it.  The HathiTrust Digital Library “is a not-for-profit collaborative of academic and research libraries preserving 17+ million digitized items.”[1]  Essentially, partner libraries digitize volumes of in-copyright and public domain books for preservation and access through the library.  The library makes the works available to the fullest extent possible under United States copyright law.  Thus, for public domain works, the works are fully available to read and access through the digital library.  (The HathiTrust also works with library partners to review works to determine whether they are in-copyright or have fallen into the public domain due to failed formalities).[2]  For in-copyright works, researchers can search to see how many times a particular term is used in the book and on which pages the term is used.  This search feature has been deemed a quintessential fair use by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals[3] and paved the way for the broader Google Books fair use court decision.[4]

Select member affiliated researchers can also engage in text mining with in-copyright books through a special Data Capsule.  This capsule allows researchers to use a secure online environment to engage in research and text mining with the book corpus.

If you are unfamiliar with the HathiTrust Digital Library and the HathiTrust Research Center, fair use week is as good a time as any to get familiar with it.  What are you waiting for?  Dive into the resources available through the HathiTrust and discover a whole new text-mining world!

[1] https://www.hathitrust.org/about.

[2] https://www.hathitrust.org/copyright-review.

[3] Authors Guild v. HathiTrust, 755 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2014).

[4] Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015).

Report on status of Copyright Amendment Bill by Denise Nicholson

Over the past few years, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) has been engaged in the reform of copyright laws in South Africa. Indeed, IFLA has submitted on many occasions comments and proposals on draft amendments.

This reform contains ambitious provisions which could have an extremely positive impact on libraries and heritage institutions, enabling the latter to benefit from legal provisions similar to the fair use provision as in the United States. It will also provide a positive example for neighbouring countries.

There is strong opposition, however, from other groups, notably collective management bodies, and from the academic publishing sector, even though.   

Despite the reforms being approved by Parliament, they have yet to be signed by the President, who faces both loud opposition internally, and, more recently, a threat from the US Trade Representative to try and remove South Africa’s Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) trade privileges with the United States.

As part of the week on Fair Use and Fair Dealing, we therefore welcome an update from Denise R. Nicholson, Scholarly Communications Librarian, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.

 

REPORT ON STATUS OF COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT BILL

by Denise Nicholson, BA HDip Libr (UNISA); LLM (WITS) Scholarly Communications Librarian, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Denise.Nicholson[at]wits.ac.za

In terms of Section 79 of the Constitution, President Ramaphosa must either sign the Bill within a reasonable period, or, and only if there are constitutionality issues, he must return it to the National Assembly to address those concerns.  The Bill has been on President Ramaphosa’s desk for 10 months (far beyond a ‘reasonable period’).

There has been a lot of support for the Bill internationally, regionally and locally.  However, there has also been strong opposition to the Bill mainly from rights-holders, collecting societies, musicians, some authors and creators (under the umbrella of the Copyright Coalition of South Africa) and international publishing and entertainment conglomerates and collection management organisations.

The International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), a lobby group for 5 large entertainment corporations in America, petitioned the US Government last year to review Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) agreements like AGOA and others with South Africa. They claimed that the exceptions in the Bill are too broad and that American rights-holders would be prejudiced if the Bill is passed. They want the US Trade Representative (USTR) to withdraw the preferential trade benefits that SA currently enjoys.  Apparently, R35 billion in South African exports to the USA are at stake if such a review goes ahead. Ironically, the SA Bill has adopted fair use provisions from the US copyright law, and other provisions enjoyed by other developed countries.  It is also premature for such a review to be considered as the Bill has not been enacted, so there is no possible evidence that American rights-holders’ interests are at stake.  The law would need to be in place for a while before any evidence could be collected in this regard.

In response to the IIPA petition, the US Trade Representative’s Office called for public submissions on this matter and held public hearings on 31 January 2020.  Forty-two submissions were lodged with the USTR. Thirty-two submissions called on the USTR to withdraw its review on trade agreements and the majority supported the Bill, whereas ten submissions opposed the Bill and supported a review of trade agreements.  Stakeholders can still make further submissions until late February 2020.  The Minister of Trade and Industry has met with officials in the US to discuss this matter.   It is not certain whether the USTR will take action in this regard. Asked if she believed South Africa would change the two laws (Copyright Amendment Bill and Performers’ Protection Bill) to meet US concerns, the new US Ambassador to SA, Lana Marks (SA-born) said the laws “must be within every aspect of the Constitution of South Africa”.  The Daily Maverick reports that Marks is confident that South Africa is not going to lose either its GSP or its AGOA access, directly or indirectly.  “It’s not going to happen,” she says, firmly.

Various international and local organisations have written to the President asking him to sign the Bill as a matter of urgency.  BlindSA has written a strong letter to him pointing out he has a constitutional duty to act on the Bill, and that if he does not act by the anniversary of the passing of the Bill by Parliament (i.e. 28 March), then BlindSA will consider taking him to court on this matter.

We hope that the President will act on the Bill soon.

See IFLA’s contribution to the US Trade Representative hearing.