Tag Archives: #Copyright4Libraries

Decisions, Decisions: The Options Ahead at the Next WIPO SCCR

Next week, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR) will meet, virtually, for the first time in over a year.

This is an opportunity not only to take stock of work to date on the exceptions and limitations agenda, but also to consider the implications of the COVID-19 on the issues under discussion.

It is also a time of renewal, with a new Director General, and chair of the Committee, creating possibilities to think again about the role that the Committee can play.

The below sets out six roles that the Committee could take on. The choice of which – if any – will be down to Member States.

For further background about the work of SCCR, please see the pages on the IFLA website.

 

The First Responder: it is clearly arguably a little late to be talking about a first response to the pandemic, but it seems likely that the virus – and so measures to stop or slow its spread – will be with us for some time. With it comes the potential for SCCR to make clear that extraordinary times may require extraordinary measures, or at least that it is legitimate to interpret existing rules in a way that allows for education, research and access to culture continue at difficult times.

 

The Guiding Light: a permanent problem in the current copyright system is that under international law, exceptions and limitations other than a couple of very specific examples are optional. As such, governments  can face uncertainty when passing laws in order to support education, research and access to culture. WIPO can play a valuable role here by making clear what is allowed, and so excluding the risk of challenge by different actors. For example, model provisions on key issues can offer helpful guidance.

 

The Teacher: WIPO clearly also has an important role in supporting reflection about copyright and its interrelation with other policy areas around the world. While there are certainly a lot of strong opinions around copyright, we can gain a lot from looking past the hyperbole, and building up a stronger idea of the evidence on the ground. The evidence around COVID-19 is of course still coming in, but one way in which WIPO could provide a helpful service is by developing a clearer picture of how copyright frameworks – changed or unchanged – have fared during the pandemic.

 

The Leader: SCCR also has a unique position as a global forum for tackling questions around copyright. Through the Marrakesh Treaty, it has shown its potential to take concrete action at the global level, enabling cooperation across borders, and promoting national reforms in an area of clear public interest. Arguably, while SCCR can just be a discussion space, its potential to lead in changing laws in areas of market failure cannot now be denied. Recent work has underlined consensus around issues such as preservation, digital readiness, and work across borders. In particular with COP26 next year, work on preservation could make an important contribution to efforts to safeguard heritage threatened by extreme weather.

 

The Hedgehog: there are, however, also less positive paths that SCCR could choose to take. The first of these is to roll up, or even to hibernate, until the COVID-19 pandemic is over. While hibernation can be a safe way of passing a winter, it also risks meaning that the Committee is seen as missing in action at a time when there are calls to do something, or being seen as less relevant. While it is true that there is little point in taking action for the sake of taking action, there is sufficient evidence of challenges around copyright during the pandemic to mean that claiming that there is no need to do anything risks looking like denialism.

 

The Dodgy Car Salesman: worse, arguably, than doing nothing would be to move things backwards by trying to make activities of libraries which have previously taken place without barriers subject to new restrictions. Discussions about exceptions and limitations have, unfortunately, often seen efforts to present licensing as the solution, despite this having long been rejected for uses in the physical world. In effect, like the stereotypical dubious car salesman, there is a risk that the customer ends up with a product that they neither want nor need.

Restitution with a Catch? The Copyright Perspective on the Sarr-Savoy Report

The Sarr-Savoy report on the restitution of African cultural heritage, published in November 2018, proposes to recontextualise the presence of African artefacts in French heritage collections.

The objective of this report is to develop, in view of the role of the French state in colonisation, recommendations to update relevant laws around restitutions, as well as to encourage bilateral agreements with countries following requests for restitution.

Among its recommendations, the report suggests that collections which are returned should be subject to digitisation beforehand, with the digitised files then made available for use under free and open access to everyone.

This recommendation is easy to miss in the report, as the paragraphs which concern it are discreet. Nonetheless, it raises questions on two essential questions:

Who owns the physical and digital collections and who has the right to choose the policy of digitisation and openness of these artefacts?

This blog looks at the report’s approach, and presents some of the concerns expressed by this, in particular through a letter drafted by Mathilde Parvis and Andrea Wallace.

First of all, the suggestion to digitise and make collections accessible may seem an interesting initiative in the context of outreach by heritage institutions. For a number of years now, it has been clear that giving access to digital collections is a key mission for cultural institutions, as the report mentions briefly.

However, there are questions about whether this should be subject to the decision of the French state, or be a pre-condition for restitution. The term ‘restitution’, as defined in the report, is strongly connected to the question of legitimate ownership of the object. This cannot be brushed aside when it comes to digital collections.

Arguably, the legitimate ownership by African governments of returned items should give them the right to take decisions regarding the appropriate policy to be put in place on digital collections. Can it be appropriate for the government of a former colonial power to set out such demands in a restitution agreement when talking about heritage that arguably should never have been in its possession in the first place?

Indeed, as Mathilde Parvis and Andrea Wallace’s response perfectly underlines: it should rather be up to the communities to make decisions concerning the artefacts of their heritage. Indeed, suggesting or imposing in bilateral agreements a policy of digitisation and open access to collections appears to be at odds with the principle of recognition of spoliation.

Moreover, the report’s proposals concerning free and open access to and use of images does not seem to match the policy around images in French collections. Indeed, French policy on openGLAM is not based on a centralized ministerial incentive but on the will of cities and organisations independently of each other (whereas German GLAM institutions are far more organised and supported).

The request made to African governments regarding the opening of access to digital collections of collections seems, therefore, to be antithetical with the policy it applies to the digital collections of France’s own institutions.

Clearly, openness is to be welcomed in general as the best way of giving the biggest number of people possible the opportunity to engage with heritage, where other concerns (privacy or indigenous rights for example) do not stand in the way. Nonetheless, in these conditions, it risks being seen as an imposition, not a virtue.

Therefore, Parvis and Wallace’s reply defines several ways to reframe the recommendations of the Sarr-Savoy report, such as:

– Clearly define the scope of Open Access – commercial, non-commercial, public domain, possibility of reuse.
– Clearly define who owns the digital image reproductions.
– Carry out research on the conformity of these recommendations concerning the laws of African countries.
– Do not separate digital reproductions from returned objects because the reproductions are also subject to cultural appropriation.

With plans now underway to reform France’s Heritage Code, we will follow closely how this debate is reflected in any proposed amendments.

“What is in the public domain should stay in the public domain!” – Article 14 of the EU-DSM Directive

by Timotej Kotnik Jesih, Intellectual Property Institute, www.ipi.si and Dr. Maja Bogataj Jančič, Intellectual Property Institute (IPI), www.ipi.si

The new Digital Single Market Directive (hereinafter the DSM Directive)[1] addresses works of visual art in the public domain in its Article 14, which reads “Member States shall provide that, when the term of protection of a work of visual art has expired, any material resulting from an act of reproduction of that work is not subject to copyright or related rights, unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author’s own intellectual creation.”

This article was introduced by the European Parliament as an amendment during the legislative process with the intention of enhancing cultural heritage preservation by relying on the legal concept of public domain. Its aim is to ensure that works of visual art that are in the public domain in analogue form remain in the public domain also in digital form, by not granting copyright protection to faithful reproductions of such works. Reproduction of visual works in the public domain can, pursuant to Article 14 DSM Directive, be granted copyright protection only when they fulfil the originality threshold themselves. The rationale for this provision is explained in the DSM Directive’s Recital 53, as “[t]he expiry of the term of protection of work entails the entry of that work into the public domain” and “the circulation of faithful reproductions of works in the public domain contributes to the access to and promotion of culture, and the access to cultural heritage“, whereas in the digital environment, “the protection of such reproductions through copyright or related rights is inconsistent with the expiry of the copyright protection of works“.

Article 14 DSM Directive increases the level of legal security for libraries and other cultural heritage institutions (CHIs) when they use public domain works of visual art in cultural heritage preservation activities, as faithful reproductions of such works sometimes otherwise enjoy protection by related rights, even if they do not meet the copyright-required originality threshold. Article 14 enables libraries to be able to make visual works from their collections (that are in the public domain) available online and in a digital format, without the fear of such works having to be taken down. With the good implementation in national legal systems, Article 14 will hopefully provide the tool for libraries to expand and facilitate the access to works in the public domain and improve cultural heritage preservation across the whole of EU.

Despite Article 14 being one of the most unambiguous provisions in the DSM Directive, there is still some leeway for libraries and CHIs to try and ensure the best possible implementation of this provision.[2] While Article 14 explicitly applies only to works of visual arts, there is nothing preventing the member states from implementing a broader provision, covering any type of works. Such implementation would further improve cultural heritage preservation, as the issue of appropriation of public domain works and protecting non-original reproductions is certainly not limited only to visual works.

In Slovenia, the DSM Directive implementation process started in March 2020 when the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology (hereinafter the Ministry) invited interested stakeholders to convene and conduct a public debate. After the COVID-19 pandemic prevented any in-person consultations, the Ministry called upon interested stakeholders to provide written submissions on how to best implement the DSM Directive in Slovenian legal order by April 30, 2020, which were then published online and all stakeholders were invited to submit a second round of comments by 30 June 2020. We are now waiting for the publication of second-round comments and publication of the first draft of the legislative proposal.

Many public interest institutions in Slovenia participated in this process: research institutions, educational institutions, NGOs and CHIs. Several libraries and CHIs across Slovenia submitted their comments addressing also the Article 14.[3] In their submissions, they emphasised Art 14’s importance as a public domain safeguard and called for implementation that encompasses all types of works, not only those of visual art, and that would ensure that copyright protection is not granted to faithful reproductions notwithstanding whether they were made before or after the original work was already in public domain.

Stakeholders have not disputed such position on Article 14 implementation so far, which may showcases that in Slovenia there is a high level of awareness of importance of public domain works for cultural heritage preservation and that broad implementation of Article 14 is desirable and necessary in order for libraries and other CHIs to perform their cultural heritage preservation functions adequately. While it remains to be seen which route the Slovenian legislator, which usually provides for an expansive and strong protection of stakeholders, will take when implementing Article 14 CDSM Directive, the early signs are encouraging for libraries and other CHIs, and they can reasonably expect to be able to rely on works in public domain in a broadest possible way.

[1] Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj; last visite July 2020;

[2] see also Communia Guidelines: https://www.notion.so/Article-14-Works-of-visual-art-in-the-public-domain-eb1d5900a10e4bf4b99d7e91b4649c86 and Transposing the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market: A Guide for Libraries and Library Associations (LIBER): https://zenodo.org/record/3552203#.Xx_hjy2B3OR, last visited July 2020

[3] Positions of stakeholders are available here (in Slovenian)https://www.gov.si/novice/2020-06-05-prenos-direktiv-s-podrocja-avtorskega-prava/, last visited in July 2020;

Text and Data Mining: (Articles 3 and 4 of the EU-DSM) by REBIUN’s Copyright working group

The Copyright working group of REBIUN (the network of university libraries in Spain) is formed of Silvia Losa, as coordinator of the group, and librarian in the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, Paloma Jarque, librarian in the Universidad Carlos III in Madrid, Rosa Mª Sánchez, librarian in UNED, and Patricia Sanpera, librarian in the Ilustre Colegio de la Abogacía de Barcelona. The group studies topics of interest on copyright for university libraries in Spain. We are currently monitoring the transposition process to guide REBIUN in the actions to be carried out in order to get legislation in line with the interests of libraries.

  1. Can you explain to us what Articles 3-4 of the EU-DSM Directive are?

Articles 3-4 of the DSM Directive introduce two exceptions to copyright for text and data mining.

Text and data mining (TDM) is defined as “any automated analytical technique aimed at analysing text and data in digital form in order to generate information which includes but is not limited to patterns, trends and correlations”.

Article 3 focuses on text and data mining for the purposes of scientific research.

The article covers the reproduction, and extraction from databases, made by research organisations and cultural heritage institutions (and their members) but only for scientific research purposes. It also covers the storage and retention of copies, for the same purposes, including the verification of research results.

A cultural heritage institution includes “publicly accessible library or museum, an archive or a film or audio heritage institution”. Art. 2(3)

Research organisations are basically not-for-profit entities or entities tasked by a Member State with a public service research mission, according to art. 2(1).

The exception covers text and data mining of “works or other subject matter to which they have lawful access”. That means all the collections of institutions like libraries but also those contents freely available online.

This exception is not subject to remuneration (recital no. 17) and is protected against contract override. Art. 7(1)

Rightholders may establish measures to ensure the security of their systems but they should not prevent the application of the exception. Copies generated by text and data mining should be stored securely. Member States may regulate both aspects after negotiation with stakeholders (including, therefore, libraries).

 

Article 4 allows acts of “reproductions and extractions of lawfully accessible works and other subject matter for the purposes of text and data mining”.

Text and data mining can be done for any purpose and the reproductions “may be retained as long as necessary for the purposes of text and data mining.” Art. 4(2)

The exception benefits all kind of users, institutions or individuals, who have lawful access to contents. That means all the collections of the organisation but also the open web.

This exception, unlike the previous one, can be overridden by contract.

According to art. 4(3) “the exception or limitation shall apply on condition that the use of works […] has not been expressly reserved by their rightholders in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means in the case of content made publicly available online”.

 

  1. Why are these items important to libraries?

An exception for ‘text and data mining’, TDM, as stated in articles 3 and 4 of the EU-DSM Directive, grants libraries the right to mine in copyright works to which they have lawful access.

Text and data mining, TDM, is important for research and academic libraries because this exception allows them to support researchers and other legitimate users from different disciplines to undertake data mining. This support includes giving them access to legally accessed materials, not only on-site but remotely, and with the right to keep secure copies.

There are some aspects of the activity of libraries that can be closely related to text and data mining.

Libraries are supporters of Open Science, as they do with their institutional repositories. Open Science, including, inter alia, open access, open data, and FAIR data, is a loyal friend for TDM. With such a friend, researchers and other legitimate users will successfully carry out automated text and data analysis. Open Science is based on the possibility of checking out researchers’ methods and data. Without the opportunity to look at the datasets used for analysis, other researchers cannot confirm, or disapprove, findings, undermining overall scientific progress.

Libraries are used to work together with IT and Legal Departments. For the sake of an ideal use of the exception in favour of researchers and other legitimate users, libraries can help TDM workflows and infrastructures to be applied and developed.

As beneficiaries of the exception, and as advocates of researchers and other legitimate users from their institutions, libraries can have the necessary power when negotiating with publishers, so the right to mine is not overridden by contracts, and no additional information about the research is requested by publishers. And, as well, ensuring that any technical issues or access-blocking experienced by the institution are resolved quickly. Libraries pay for subscriptions to academic publications, there is no need to pay again to text and data mine contents already subscribed.

Furthermore, with a TDM exception libraries could, in short terms:

–       Perform TDM without requirement to inform or seek permission from publishers

–       Remove or ignore contractual provisions in licenses in conflict with TDM

–       Promote actions (including legal action) if access is blocked and not quickly resolved by the publisher

–       Protect personal data and privacy of researchers and other legitimate users from publisher requests for further information about TDM activities

 

  1. What is the best implementation you could hope for with these articles?

In short, our aspiration would be that the legal text allows the maximum use of text and data mining techniques for research purposes, and also to the legitimate users; with the only limitation that such uses do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the works and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightholders.

Specifically, we believe that there are a number of issues that it is important to incorporate or clarify in the law:

Data mining exception should allow acts affecting the right of transformation. It is not always clear when the use of these techniques can affect this right, so the express inclusion of this right would create legal certainty for researchers and legitimate users.

Public communication should also be allowed to enable researchers to carry out text and data mining activities where they have better tools for this, through a remote controlled system. That would prevent them from having to move, for example, to library facilities in order to analyse digitisations of their collections.

It should also ensure that the application of the exception entails the possibility of disseminating the results generated by it provided that such dissemination does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.

With regard to libraries and other cultural heritage institutions, the law should specify that they may use the exception of article 3 to conduct research in the context of their main activities. A restrictive interpretation of the concept of scientific research will make the exception useless for our institutions.

The storage of copies generated by the mining of text and data should be made where the researcher or the legitimate users choose, provided that they are protected against unauthorized access. Moreover, imposing different storage conditions in each European country may be an impediment to the development of cross-border projects.

It must be ensured also that, in the case of technological protection measures, the beneficiaries of the exception may have an extraordinary remedy requiring rightholders, or their intermediaries, to lift such mechanisms within a maximum of 72 hours, including financial penalties in case of non-compliance, where appropriate.

Since the exception (both exceptions of article 3 and 4) should not be subject to fair compensation, it should be ensured that suppliers of works and services do not impose a higher price on their subscription to enable text and data mining activities.

Finally, regarding specifically article 4, and according to the EU-DSM Directive, the law should also ensure that in cases of accessible resources that have been made publicly available online, rightholders can only object to the exception through the use of machine-readable means; otherwise the exception will become useless, as a manual review of terms of use and legal notices of websites cannot be intended.

  1. What is your government’s position on the issue?

We have no information about this aspect at the moment. The government launched a public consultation on December 2019 but they did not expose any kind of explanation or clarification on the positions of the government regarding the transposition of the EU-DSM. As far as we know (https://www.notion.so/Spain-64ff430a3fec4ed2a17895bd82ceb6e8), they will probably publish a draft of the legislative text when the State of Alarm ends.

 

23 recommendations on creators’ rights: What are the issues and impacts and how can libraries continue supporting them?

Lionel Maurel, librarian and lawyer in France, works at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) on open science. For many years, he has been defending the interests of libraries on his blog S.I.LEX by offering legal analysis to librarians concerning e-lending, copyright reforms and the public domain. This article presents his reflections from the Racine report on the impacts of the current copyright system on the rights of artists and creators and the link with libraries. (French version below)

Here are the Racine Report recommendations. The 23 recommendations translated in English.
Could you explain to us what the Racine report is and the context of its production?
This is a report submitted to the Ministry of Culture in January 2020. Entitled “The author and the act of creation“, it was prepared by Bruno Racine, adviser at the Court of Accounts, who directed the National Library of France from 2007 to 2016. It contains 23 recommendations aimed at improving the situation of authors and creators (henceforce ‘artists-authors’) by adapting the regulatory framework to the new realities of the creative professions.
The origin of this report is to be found in the strong mobilization of authors in France, which has lasted for several years, in reaction to a continuous deterioration of their living conditions. In 2017, a tax reform took place, which further weakened a large share of authors who were already fighting against insecurity. To cope, artist-authors have chosen to act by relying on unions, which is fairly new in France. Traditionally, the interests of authors are in fact rather represented by collecting societies.
The Racine report commission intervened to try to resolve an increasingly explosive situation, with calls from professional writers to boycott large bookfairs to draw attention to their situation. Drawn up after extensive consultation, the Racine report was eagerly awaited and it paints a grim picture of the situation of authors in France. In certain sectors such as comics and graphic novels, despite its economic growth, almost a third of authors live below the poverty line and the rate rises to 50% for women. France is often presented as “the country of copyright”, but this reputation hides a deep crisis situation for creators.
What analysis can be made of the recommendations in this report?
The greatest contribution of this report is to show that the authors’ livelihood does not depend solely on copyright, but on a much more complex institutional arrangement, where questions of taxation and social protection play a decisive role. It also shows that artist-authors do not have a real professional status, as if their activity did not constitute a profession in their own right. To remedy this shortcoming, the Racine report proposes to create such a statute, in particular to facilitate access by authors to the benefit of social rights (health insurance, training, retirement, etc.).
Furthermore, the Racine report defends the idea that artist-authors should not depend solely on the exploitation of their works by the cultural industries, but also be paid directly for their work. He proposes for this the establishment of an “order contract” which would oblige intermediaries, such as publishers or producers, to pay for the creative work in addition to the payment of copyright royalties.
This would be a profound change in France, as since the time of Beaumarchais and the French Revolution, the law considers the author as an owner deriving his income from the exploitation of his work. This system certainly allows the author theoretically to benefit from remuneration, but we have arrived today at the paradox that the work is better protected than the author, and it is the former that constitutes the true centre of gravity of intellectual property.
Samantha Bailly, an author particularly involved in the unions of artist-authors who mobilized around the Racine report, thus sums up that the change of perspective that this text proposes to operate: “the improvement of our social rights is linked to the recognition of artist-authors both as owners of works, but also as workers. We are many individuals, not just works – we have bodies, we eat, we hurt, we get sick, etc. It is this paradigm shift proposed by Bruno Racine’s report. “
Another essential point concerns the mechanisms of author representation. The report highlights many dysfunctions in the way the interests of artist-authors are defended. Generally, collecting societies are heard a lot in public debates around creation, especially when copyright is concerned. But the report shows that these companies and the authors do not have quite the same interests and it requests that part of the sums collected by the former be used to finance the unions of authors. He also calls for these unions to be more widely involved in the definition of cultural policies, in particular through the various commissions set up by the Ministry of Culture. These proposals were very badly received by the collecting societies which vigorously opposed them, which tends to show that the Racine report is rather right to underline a divergence of interests!
Copyright discussions would likely be different if creators could make their voices heard more directly. In 2018, a case took place in France which proved to be very instructive. A publishing rights firm tried to charge for public library readings, including story times for children. This sparked strong opposition from librarians, but also from some of the authors themselves who, through unions, have indicated that they want these library uses to remain free. Thanks to this direct intervention of the authors in the debate, the publishers’ project was abandoned.
 
What are the main challenges of this report for libraries?
At first glance, this report seems quite distant from the activity of libraries, but they should pay close attention to it, because its recommendations could profoundly change the landscape of creation.
For more than 20 years, libraries have been mobilized to change copyright regulations, in particular by recognizing new exceptions adapted to the internet and digital uses. Whether global or international, these debates are very difficult and progress remains slow, as libraries face opposition, led mostly by collecting societies or government officials, who argue that these exceptions would threaten authors in their ability to live from creation.
However, the Racine report very clearly demonstrates that the real problems of the authors lie elsewhere: they mainly reside in the imbalance of the balance of power with intermediaries such as publishers or producers, which leads to an inequitable distribution of value within cultural sectors. The precariousness of the authors also stems from the fact that their work is not well recognized, and therefore not well remunerated, because it is “invisible” in a way by the intellectual property on which the laws focus.
At no time did the Racine report point to the issue of pirating works on the internet as the cause of the impoverishment of authors, nor did it indicate that exceptions to copyright would weaken their situation. On the other hand, he criticizes the functioning of collecting societies, for example pointing to the excessive salaries of their managers or the fact that they redistribute the money collected to too few authors.
These findings are of direct interest to libraries, as they open the way for further discussions on systemic reform. It is significant that none of the points discussed in the Racine report were really discussed during the drafting of the new copyright directive adopted in 2019 by the European Parliament. The debates once again focused on strengthening intellectual property and criticizing new exceptions to copyright. But it is not this text that will rebalance the relations between the authors and the intermediaries, as requested by the Racine report …
There is one point in the report which illustrates very well the false questions into which copyright disputes often fall. In France, the idea of ​​establishing a “paid-for public domain” regularly returns to public debate, the goal being to create a sort of tax on the commercial uses of works belonging to the public domain. The public domain is a mechanism that primarily benefits libraries and their users, in particular through the digitization of heritage collections. However, the Racine report unequivocally dismisses this idea of ​​the paying public domain, by showing that it would yield very little to the authors while restricting the uses and dissemination of culture. On the other hand, the report points to the fact that too small a share of aid for creation paid by the Ministry of Culture or collecting societies directly benefits artist-authors. This is just one example among many showing how false debates often hide the real questions …
What are the first steps for libraries to support these principles nationally and internationally?
It is quite striking that libraries are absent from the Racine report, even though they also constitute a source of income for authors. Through the acquisition of media, subscriptions to digital resources, but also with the sums paid under the lending right, the libraries contribute to the remuneration of creators. In France, there is even a direct link between lending in the library and the social rights of authors, because part of the sums paid by libraries under the lending right is used to finance the retirement of writers.
It is a pity – but also very significant – that the Racine report did not take this link into account, because it reveals a certain form of invisibility of libraries in the creation economy. Too often, libraries are accused of weakening the culture market by “cannibalizing sales”, when no serious economic study has ever demonstrated such a phenomenon. On the contrary, libraries could contribute more widely to the funding of creation if they were better integrated into the remuneration systems. For example, eBooks are a growing part of the work of libraries, but on legally fragile bases, since the legislation on the lending of the paper book does not apply and the system had to be reorganized around contractual negotiations with the publishers. As a result, the supply for libraries remains incomplete, but above all, the legal system of lending rights is put aside, which does not help to finance the social rights of authors …
One could imagine an overhaul of the system, so that libraries can more easily make content available to their users, as proposed, for example, by the library treaty defended by IFLA with WIPO. In return, new remuneration would logically be paid to the beneficiaries. But if we follow the Racine report, we should be very careful that these sums go to the authors and that a part is used to finance their social rights.
This report actually opens the way for further discussions between authors and libraries. To do this, it would be necessary to raise awareness of the role that libraries already play in supporting creation and to reflect on new ways in which library activities could directly help creators to exercise and make the most of their rights. Too often, the rights of authors and users have been pitted against each other as if they are incompatible. Now is the time to find synergies that will strengthen each other.
French version
Lionel Maurel, bibliothécaire et juriste en France, travaille au Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) sur la science ouverte. Depuis de nombreuses années, il défend les intérêts des bibliothèques sur son blog S.I.LEX en proposant aux bibliothécaires des analyses juridiques concernant le prêt numérique, les réformes du droit d’auteur et le domaine public. Cet article présente ses réflexions issues du rapport Racine sur les impacts du système actuel de droits d’auteur sur les droits des artistes et des créateurs et le lien avec les bibliothèques.
 
Pourriez-vous nous exliquer ce qu’est le rapport Racine et le contexte de sa production? 
Il s’agit d’un rapport remis au Ministère de la Culture en janvier 2020. Intitulé « L’auteur et l’acte de création », il a été préparé par Bruno Racine, conseiller à la Cour des Comptes, qui a dirigé la Bibliothèque nationale de France de 2007 à 2016. Il comporte 23 recommandations visant à améliorer la situation des artistes-auteurs en adaptant le cadre réglementaire aux nouvelles réalités des métiers de la création.
L’origine de ce rapport est à chercher du côté d’une forte mobilisation des auteurs en France, qui dure depuis plusieurs années, en réaction à une dégradation continue de leurs conditions d’existence. En 2017, une réforme fiscale est intervenue, qui a encore fragilisé une large partie des auteurs luttant déjà contre la précarité. Pour faire face, les artistes-auteurs ont choisi d’agir en s’appuyant sur des syndicats, ce qui est assez nouveau en France. Traditionnellement, les intérêts des auteurs sont en effet plutôt représentés par des sociétés de gestion collective des droits. 
La commande du rapport Racine est intervenue pour essayer de dénouer une situation qui devenait de plus en plus explosive, avec des appels des auteurs professionnels à boycotter de grands salons pour attirer l’attention sur leur situation. Elaboré au terme d’une large consultation, le rapport Racine était très attendu et il dresse un tableau sombre de la situation des auteurs en France. Dans certains secteurs comme la bande dessinée, pourtant économiquement en progression, près d’un tiers des auteurs vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté et le taux grimpe à 50% pour les femmes. La France est souvent présentée comme « le pays du droit d’auteur », mais cette réputation dissimule une situation de crise profonde pour les créateurs. 
Quelle analyse peut-on faire des recommendations de ce rapport? 
Le plus grand apport de ce rapport est de montrer que la subsistance des auteurs ne dépend pas uniquement du seul droit d’auteur, mais d’un dispositif institutionnel beaucoup plus complexe, où les questions de fiscalité et de protection sociale jouent un rôle déterminant. Il montre aussi que les artistes-auteurs ne disposent pas d’un véritable statut professionnel, comme si leur activité ne constituait pas un métier à part entière. Pour remédier à cette lacune, Le rapport Racine propose de créer un tel statut, notamment pour faciliter l’accès des auteurs au bénéfice de droits sociaux (assurance-maladie, formation, retraite, etc.). 
Plus encore, le rapport Racine défend l’idée que les artistes-auteurs ne devraient pas dépendre pour vivre uniquement de l’exploitation de leurs œuvres par les industries culturelles, mais aussi être rémunérés directement pour leur travail. Il propose pour cela la mise en place d’un « contrat de commande » qui obligerait les intermédiaires, comme les éditeurs ou les producteurs, à payer le travail de création en plus du versement de droits d’auteur. 
Cela constituerait un changement profond en France, car depuis l’époque de Beaumarchais et la Révolution française, la loi considère l’auteur comme un propriétaire tirant ses revenus de l’exploitation de son œuvre. Ce système permet certes théoriquement à l’auteur de bénéficier d’une rémunération, mais on est arrivé aujourd’hui au paradoxe que l’œuvre est mieux protégée que l’auteur et c’est elle qui constitue le véritable centre de gravité de la propriété intellectuelle…
Samantha Bailly, une autrice particulièrement impliquée dans les syndicats d’artistes-auteurs qui se sont mobilisés autour du rapport Racine, résume ainsi que le changement de perspective que ce texte propose d’opérer : « l’amélioration de nos droits sociaux est liée à la reconnaissance des artistes-auteurs à la fois comme des propriétaires d’œuvres, mais aussi comme des travailleurs. Nous sommes bien des individus, et pas seulement des œuvres — nous avons des corps, nous mangeons, nous nous blessons, tombons malades, etc. C’est ce changement de paradigme que propose le rapport de Bruno Racine. » 
Un autre point essentiel concerne les mécanismes de représentation des auteurs. Le rapport souligne de nombreux dysfonctionnements dans la manière dont les intérêts des artistes-auteurs sont défendus. Généralement, ce sont des sociétés de gestion collective que l’on entend beaucoup dans les débats publics autour de la création, notamment lorsque le droit d’auteur est concerné. Mais le rapport démontre que ces sociétés et les auteurs n’ont pas tout à fait les mêmes intérêts et il demande qu’une partie des sommes collectées par les premières servent à financer les syndicats d’auteurs. Il plaide également pour que ces syndicats soient plus largement associés à la définition des politiques culturelles, notamment à travers les différentes commissions mises en place par le Ministère de la Culture. Ces propositions ont été très mal reçues par les sociétés de gestion collective qui s’y sont vigoureusement opposées, ce qui tend à montrer que le rapport Racine a plutôt raison de souligner une divergence d’intérêts ! 
Les discussions sur le droit d’auteur seraient sans doute différentes si les créateurs pouvaient faire entendre leur voix plus directement. En 2018, une affaire a eu lieu en France s’est révélée très instructive. Une société de droits dans le domaine de l’édition a essayé de faire payer les lectures publiques en bibliothèque, y compris les Heures du Conte à destination des enfants. Cela a déclenché une forte opposition des bibliothécaires, mais aussi d’une partie des auteurs eux-mêmes qui, par le biais de syndicats, ont fait savoir qu’ils souhaitaient que ces usages en bibliothèque restent gratuits. Grâce à cette intervention directe des auteurs dans le débat, le projet des éditeurs a été abandonné. 
Quelles sont les principaux enjeux de ce rapport pour les bibliotheques? 
A première vue, ce rapport paraît assez éloigné de l’activité des bibliothèques, mais celles-ci devraient s’y intéresser de près, car ses recommandations pourraient modifier en profondeur le paysage de la création. 
Depuis plus de 20 ans, les bibliothèques sont mobilisées pour faire évoluer la règlementation sur le droit d’auteur, notamment par la reconnaissance de nouvelles exceptions adaptées à Internet et aux usages numériques. Que ce soit au niveau mondial ou international, ces débats sont très difficiles et les progrès restent lents, car les bibliothèques se heurtent à une opposition, menée surtout par des sociétés de gestion collective ou des représentants de gouvernement, qui soutiennent que ces exceptions menaceraient les auteurs dans leur capacité à vivre de la création.
Or le rapport Racine démontre de manière très claire que les vrais problèmes des auteurs sont ailleurs : ils résident surtout dans le déséquilibre du rapport de force avec des intermédiaires comme les éditeurs ou les producteurs, qui conduit à une répartition inéquitable de la valeur au sein même des filières culturelles. La précarité des auteurs découle aussi du fait que leur travail n’est pas bien reconnu, et donc pas bien rémunéré, car il est « invisibilisé » d’une certaine manière par la propriété intellectuelle sur laquelle les lois se focalisent. 
A aucun moment le rapport Racine ne pointe la question du piratage des œuvres sur Internet comme la cause de la paupérisation des auteurs, pas plus qu’il n’indique que les exceptions au droit d’auteur fragiliserait leur situation. En revanche, il adresse des critiques au fonctionnement des sociétés de gestion collective, en pointant par exemple les salaires trop élevés de leurs dirigeants ou le fait qu’elles redistribuent l’argent collecté à un trop petit nombre d’auteurs. 
Ces conclusions intéressent en réalité directement les bibliothèques, car elles ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles discussions sur la réforme du système. Il est significatif qu’aucun des points discutés dans le rapport Racine n’ait réellement été débattu lors de l’élaboration de la nouvelle directive sur le droit d’auteur adoptée en 2019 par le Parlement européen. Les débats se sont encore une fois focalisés sur le renforcement de la propriété intellectuelle et sur la critique des nouvelles exceptions au droit d’auteur. Mais ce n’est pas ce texte qui permettra de rééquilibrer les relations entre les auteurs et les intermédiaires, comme le demande le rapport Racine…
Un point figure dans le rapport qui illustre très bien les fausses questions dans lesquelles les débats sur le droit d’auteur tombent souvent. En France, revient régulièrement dans le débat public l’idée d’instaurer un « domaine public payant » pour instituer une sorte de taxe sur les utilisations commerciales des œuvres appartenant au domaine public. Le domaine public est un mécanisme qui bénéficie au premier chef aux bibliothèques et à leurs usagers, notamment à travers la numérisation des collections patrimoniales. Or le rapport Racine écarte sans ambiguïté cette idée du domaine public payant, en montrant qu’il rapporterait très peu aux auteurs tout en restreignant les usages et la diffusion de la culture. En revanche, le rapport pointe le fait qu’une part trop faible des aides à la création versées par le Ministère de la Culture ou les sociétés de gestion collective bénéficient directement aux artistes-auteurs. Ce n’est qu’un exemple parmi d’autres montrant comment de faux débats cachent souvent les vraies questions… 
Quelles sont les premieres etapes pour les bibliotheques pour soutenir ces principes au niveau national et international? 
 
Il est assez frappant de constater que les bibliothèques sont absentes du rapport Racine, alors pourtant qu’elles constituent aussi une source de revenus pour les auteurs. A travers les acquisitions de supports, les abonnements à des ressources numériques, mais aussi avec les sommes versées au titre du droit de prêt, les bibliothèques contribuent à la rémunération des créateurs. En France, il existe même un lien direct entre le prêt en bibliothèque et les droits sociaux des auteurs, car une partie des sommes versées par les bibliothèques au titre du droit de prêt sert à financer la retraite des auteurs de l’écrit. 
Il est dommage – mais aussi très significatif – que le rapport Racine n’ait pas pris en compte ce lien, car cela révèle une certaine forme d’invisibilité des bibliothèques dans l’économie de la création. Trop souvent, les bibliothèques sont accusées de fragiliser le marché de la Culture en « cannibalisant les ventes », alors qu’aucune étude économique sérieuse n’a jamais démontré un tel phénomène. Bien au contraire, les bibliothèques pourraient contribuer plus largement au financement de la création si elles étaient mieux intégrées dans les systèmes de rémunération. Par exemple, le livre numérique se développe aujourd’hui de plus en plus en bibliothèque, mais sur des bases juridiquement fragiles, puisque la législation sur le prêt du livre papier ne s’applique pas et il a fallu réorganiser le système autour de négociations contractuelles avec les éditeurs. Du coup, l’offre à destination des bibliothèques reste lacunaire, mais surtout, système légal du droit de prêt est mis de côté, ce qui ne permet pas de contribuer à financer les droits sociaux des auteurs…
On pourrait imaginer une refonte du système, de manière à ce que les bibliothèques puissent mettre à disposition plus facilement des contenus pour leurs utilisateurs, comme le propose par exemple le traité sur les bibliothèques défendu par l’IFLA auprès de l’OMPI. En contrepartie, de nouvelles rémunérations seraient logiquement versées aux ayants droit. Mais si l’on suit le rapport Racine, il faudrait être très attentif à ce que ces sommes aillent bien aux auteurs et qu’une partie soit utilisée pour financer leurs droits sociaux. 
Ce rapport ouvre en réalité la voie à de nouvelles discussions entre les auteurs et les bibliothèques. Pour cela, il faudrait mieux faire connaître le rôle que les bibliothèques jouent déjà pour soutenir la création et réfléchir à de nouvelles manières dont les activités des bibliothèques pourraient directement soutenir les créateurs dans l’exercice de leurs droits. On a trop souvent opposé les droits des auteurs et ceux des utilisateurs, comme s’ils étaient incompatibles. Le temps est venu à présent de trouver des articulations qui permettront de les renforcer mutuellement. 

European Copyright Directive EU-DSM – COVID19 and implementation

EU-DSM directive: March 2020 update

In June 2019, the new European Copyright Directive entered into force. Countries have until June 2021 to implement it in their national laws.

 

Process

Each country has its own process and timetable to prepare for the implementation of this reform.

Some countries like Germany and the Netherlands already started the implementation process in September 2019, followed by Spain in December 2019.

Many countries are also engaged in meetings with stakeholders (libraries, publishers, collective management organisations, organisations representing users’ rights) such as Belgium, Sweden, Finland, while others have issued questionnaires on the different articles such as Romania. Still others have yet to begin the process formally.

Meanwhile countries of the European Economic Area such as Norway and Iceland have not yet started but are closely monitoring the exchanges.

 

Implementation and COVID-19

The current situation of European countries with regard to COVID-19 has already started to impact the implementation schedule.

The stakeholder dialogue concerning Article 17, at which IFLA is represented, and whose objective is to define guidelines for the implementation of Article 17 in national laws in respect of copyright and users’ rights, was to have its 7th meeting on 30 March but has been postponed to a previously unknown date.

The date for the submission of contributions on Slovenia’s implementation, also originally scheduled for 30 March, has been also postponed to 30 April.

Sweden has cancelled meetings to discuss the directive with stakeholders and concentrates on written communications.

 

The involvement of library associations and institutions

In each country, the library sector is attentive to the evolution of the transposition process which, if properly done, will have positive consequences for users. To achieve this, library associations and libraries in the concerned countries are making the needs of their colleagues and users heard by their governments and other stakeholders.

The provisions in the articles concern subjects directly affecting the library field, such as

_ Text and Data Mining (Articles 3 and 4)

_ Use of Works in Teaching Activities (article 5)

_ Preservation of Cultural Heritage (article 6)

_ Contract Override and Technological Protection Measures (article 7)

_ Out-of Commerce Works (Articles 8-11)

_ Works in the Visual Art in the Public Domain (Article 14)

_ Press Publishers Right (Article 15)

_ Use of protected content by online content-sharing service providers (Article 17)

 

Please see these additional articles to learn more about the subject:

European Copyright Directive Implementation Advances: How Can you Get Involved?

3 reasons why libraries should care about the EU-Digital Single Market Directive

 

Please contact Camille Francoise, camille.francoise@ifla.org for additional information.

The HathiTrust Digital Library: A Fair Use Story

Sara R. Benson, Copyright Librarian, University of Illinois.

If you are unfamiliar with the work of the HathiTrust Digital Library, fair use week is a great time to familiarize yourself with it.  The HathiTrust Digital Library “is a not-for-profit collaborative of academic and research libraries preserving 17+ million digitized items.”[1]  Essentially, partner libraries digitize volumes of in-copyright and public domain books for preservation and access through the library.  The library makes the works available to the fullest extent possible under United States copyright law.  Thus, for public domain works, the works are fully available to read and access through the digital library.  (The HathiTrust also works with library partners to review works to determine whether they are in-copyright or have fallen into the public domain due to failed formalities).[2]  For in-copyright works, researchers can search to see how many times a particular term is used in the book and on which pages the term is used.  This search feature has been deemed a quintessential fair use by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals[3] and paved the way for the broader Google Books fair use court decision.[4]

Select member affiliated researchers can also engage in text mining with in-copyright books through a special Data Capsule.  This capsule allows researchers to use a secure online environment to engage in research and text mining with the book corpus.

If you are unfamiliar with the HathiTrust Digital Library and the HathiTrust Research Center, fair use week is as good a time as any to get familiar with it.  What are you waiting for?  Dive into the resources available through the HathiTrust and discover a whole new text-mining world!

[1] https://www.hathitrust.org/about.

[2] https://www.hathitrust.org/copyright-review.

[3] Authors Guild v. HathiTrust, 755 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2014).

[4] Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015).